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An “important and deeply researched” (The Wall Street Journal) exploration of allergies, from their first medical description in 1819 to the cutting-edge science that is illuminating the changes in our environment and lifestyles that are making so many of us sick Hay fever. Peanut allergies. Eczema. Either you have an allergy or you know someone who does. Billions of people worldwide—an estimated 30 to 40 percent of the global population—have some form of allergy. Even more concerning, over the last decade the number of people diagnosed with an allergy has been steadily increasing, placing an ever-growing medical burden on individuals, families, communities, and healthcare systems. Medical anthropologist Theresa MacPhail, herself an allergy sufferer whose father died of a beesting, set out to understand why. In pursuit of answers, MacPhail studied the dangerous experiments of early immunologists as well as the mind-bending recent development of biologics and immunotherapies that are giving the most severely impacted patients hope. She scaled a roof with an air-quality controller who diligently counts pollen by hand for hours every day; met a mother who struggled to use WIC benefits for her daughter with severe food allergies; spoke with doctors at some of the finest allergy clinics in the world; and discussed the intersecting problems of climate change, pollution, and pollen with biologists who study seasonal respiratory allergies. This is the story of allergies: what they are, why we have them, and what that might mean about the fate of humanity in a rapidly changing world.
An “important and deeply researched” (The Wall Street Journal) exploration of allergies, from their first medical description in 1819 to the cutting-edge science that is illuminating the changes in our environment and lifestyles that are making so many of us sick Hay fever. Peanut allergies. Eczema. Either you have an allergy or you know someone who does. Billions of people worldwide—an estimated 30 to 40 percent of the global population—have some form of allergy. Even more concerning, over the last decade the number of people diagnosed with an allergy has been steadily increasing, placing an ever-growing medical burden on individuals, families, communities, and healthcare systems. Medical anthropologist Theresa MacPhail, herself an allergy sufferer whose father died of a beesting, set out to understand why. In pursuit of answers, MacPhail studied the dangerous experiments of early immunologists as well as the mind-bending recent development of biologics and immunotherapies that are giving the most severely impacted patients hope. She scaled a roof with an air-quality controller who diligently counts pollen by hand for hours every day; met a mother who struggled to use WIC benefits for her daughter with severe food allergies; spoke with doctors at some of the finest allergy clinics in the world; and discussed the intersecting problems of climate change, pollution, and pollen with biologists who study seasonal respiratory allergies. This is the story of allergies: what they are, why we have them, and what that might mean about the fate of humanity in a rapidly changing world.
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En raison de restrictions imposées par l'éditeur, la bibliothèque n'est pas en mesure d'acheter des exemplaires supplémentaires de ce titre et nous vous présentons toutes nos excuses si la liste d'attente est longue. N'oubliez pas de regarder s'il existe d'autres exemplaires, car d'autres éditions sont peut-être disponibles.
Extraits-
From the coverChapter 1
What Allergy Is (and Isn’t)
Before I began researching this book, I had no idea just how massive the problem of allergy truly is. Approximately 40 percent of the entire human population already has some form of allergic condition. And by 2030, experts estimate that statistic will increase to 50 percent. But before we can dive more deeply into what these numbers might mean, and why allergies are projected to rise over the next few decades, we need to answer a more basic and fundamental question: What exactly is an allergy?
When I first started talking with scientists and allergists, I assumed I knew what an allergy was. If someone had quizzed me, I would have said, confidently, that an allergy was a negative bodily response to something a person had eaten, touched, or inhaled. If pressed for more details, I probably would have trotted out what I had learned long ago from an introductory biology course—that the human immune system is similar to a defense system. It reacts to foreign substances, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites, and helps to protect us against infection. But in people with allergies, that same immune system is triggered by something in the environment—like pollen or milk or nickel in metal jewelry—that is harmless to nonallergic people. I would have listed sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, coughing, rashes, redness, hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing as possible symptoms.
Whenever I ask normal people (i.e., not scientists or biomedical experts) to explain what an allergy is, I usually hear something similar to my own initial definition. People of all ages and backgrounds tend to think of allergy and allergens as, as one young nonallergic man described them to me: “Some sort of imbalance with whatever is entering your system. It just doesn’t mesh well with whatever is in your body and it causes your body to try to get rid of it.” Another man described allergy as the body being “self-destructive” when it doesn’t know how to handle something like pollen or a particular food. In one memorable interview, a man with several allergies who had grown up in Chihuahua, Mexico, near the Texas border, suggested that his body is in a constant defense mode—but sees this as primarily positive. He thinks of himself as well defended and described his body as more “careful” and alert than the bodies of nonallergic people. These are all more or less accurate depictions of allergic-type immune responses and they work well enough . . . until they don’t.
Even people who have allergies don’t always understand what, in exact terms, they are or how to distinguish them from nonallergic conditions with similar symptoms.
Take “Chrissie,” for example, one of the first allergy patients interviewed for this book. By the time we spoke, Chrissie had been coping with respiratory allergy symptoms, hives, sporadic swelling of her eyes, and frequent stomach issues for years. She had been diagnosed with hay fever, or seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and occasionally visited an ear, nose, and throat specialist (ENT) for treatment when her symptoms changed or worsened. She also experienced gastrointestinal symptoms and skin rashes if she accidentally consumed milk or gluten. Years ago, Chrissie went to see an allergist and was tested for reactions to the most common allergens. Her skin was completely nonreactive to all food allergens, and the allergist told her that it was extremely unlikely that the symptoms she experienced were due to a food allergy. Chrissie’s ENT has repeatedly encouraged her to get retested, but she...
Critiques-
March 13, 2023 Medical anthropologist MacPhail (The Viral Network) delivers an uneven overview of the science on allergies. Explaining that they likely arise from a blend of genetic and environmental factors, she discusses the genetic mutation that puts certain people at risk of anaphylaxis from bee stings and research that found air pollution leads to higher rates of asthma and respiratory allergies. MacPhail admits “we’re stuck with largely unreliable data” on allergy frequency and treatment, a problem that leads to some notable inconsistencies. For instance, she questions whether evidence from surveys, insurance claims, and hospital admissions suggesting increased allergy rates merely indicate greater awareness and willingness to seek help, but later makes the contradictory claim that researchers “can all agree on one thing:... the number of allergy sufferers worldwide is likely to keep growing.” Her overview of treatments also gets bogged down in contradictions, as when she posits that air filters “probably don’t help, and they might actually make things worse,” but later suggests they “can filter some or most of the allergens, like pollen, from the air.” There are some enlightening tidbits (she outlines a damning take on how restrictive rules make federally funded food programs almost useless for many with severe food allergies), but MacPhail’s clumsy navigation of uncertainties in the scientific literature will leave readers feeling lost. This doesn’t come together.
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